TLS researchers use various telescopes for their observations: TLS astronomers observe at large telescopes worldwide. The centerpiece in Tautenburg is the 2-meter Alfred-Jensch Telescope for observation in the optical spectral range. The Thuringian State Observatory also operates a station of the European radio telescope Low Frequency Array (LOFAR).

The optical Alfred-Jensch Telescope is the largest Schmidt camera in the world. Due to its design, the Schmidt mirror has a very large field of view, allowing the 2-meter telescope of the Thuringian State Observatory to observe and photograph extensive celestial objects such as galaxies, nebulae, star clusters, and the orbits of asteroids well. As a universal telescope, it can be converted into a Coude telescope.

LOFAR is the world's largest radio telescope for receiving radio waves and ultrashort waves. The receiver stations are distributed across several countries in Europe: 38 stations are located at the headquarters in the Netherlands, six in Germany (one of them in Tautenburg), and others in France, Ireland, Latvia, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Since January 2024, LOFAR is operated by a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC). The Thuringian State Observatory represents the German participants in the LOFAR ERIC.

In a modern solar laboratory, astronomers are developing instruments and a prototype for a solar observatory to continuously monitor the sun. Strong eruptions occur repeatedly on the sun, which hurl a lot of material into space. This material (plasma) can affect technological facilities in space and on Earth as a solar storm. For example, satellites for communication or navigation could fail or the power supply on Earth could be disrupted. The scientific investigation of solar activity is becoming increasingly urgent. For this reason, research into the interior of the sun and stars and their magnetic activity is being expanded as a field of research at the Thuringian State Observatory.

Astronomy and astrophysics are highly topical, internationally networked disciplines and a driving force for the development of new technologies. With its research in this field and the associated technological development, the TLS strengthens cutting-edge science in the Free State of Thuringia, particularly in the university city of Jena.

Highly qualified staff form the basis for the research institution's performance. Currently, a total of 50 employees are employed at the Thuringian State Observatory, including 35 in the scientific field, including junior research groups and scientific assistants. To achieve its research goals, they are actively involved in a variety of regional, national, and international networks. The researchers at TLS acquire observing time at the world's largest telescopes and answer research questions in collaboration with national and international partners. They are committed to the principles of good scientific practice and respect the diversity of people and ideas.